An initial overland expedition to San Diego from the south was led by the soldier Fernando Rivera and included the Franciscan missionary, explorer, and chronicler Juan Crespí, followed by a second party led by the designated governor Gaspar de Portolà and including the mission president (and now saint) Junípero Serra. Two seaborne parties reached San Diego Bay: the San Carlos, under Vicente Vila and including as notable members the engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó and the soldier and future governor Pedro Fages, and the San Antonio, under Juan Pérez. The permanent European colonization of both California and San Diego began in 1769 with the arrival of four contingents of Spaniards from New Spain and the Baja California peninsula. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site "San Miguel". The first European to visit the region was explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing under the flag of Castile but possibly born in Portugal. San Diego's namesake is the 15th-century Spanish saint Didacus of Alcalá. The city's airport, San Diego International Airport, is the busiest single- runway airport in the world. The primary border crossing between San Diego and Tijuana, the San Ysidro Port of Entry, is the busiest international land border crossing in the world outside of Asia ( fourth-busiest overall). The city is the economic center of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second most populous transborder metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere (after Detroit–Windsor), home to an estimated 4,922,723 people as of 2012. San Diego's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, research, and manufacturing. in 1848 following the Mexican–American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego is frequently referred to as the “Birthplace of California”, as it was the first site visited and settled by Europeans on what is now the U.S. San Diego is the second largest city in the state of California after Los Angeles. armed forces, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center. The city is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches and parks, long association with the U.S. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is also the eighth most populous city in the United States and the seat of San Diego County, the fifth most populous county in the United States, with 3,338,330 estimated residents as of 2019. San Diego ( / ˌ s æ n d i ˈ eɪ ɡ oʊ/ SAN dee- AY-goh, Spanish: Spanish for ' Saint Didacus') is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border.
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